What sparked the Iran protests?
Iran has been rocked by the biggest protests in years following the death of Masha Amini on 16 September.
The country’s morality police — tasked with enforcing strict codes around dress and behaviour — had arrested the 22-year-old for not wearing her hijab correctly and sporting skinny jeans.
Her family say Amini was beaten and her head struck several times. The government and police have denied the accusations.
Who is protesting?
Demonstrators reject this official line and protests are now in their fourth week, showing no sign of abating.
Iranians of all ages, ethnicities and genders have joined in the demonstrations but it is mainly younger generations that have taken to the streets.
“Women started this wave of protest,” says Ramyar Hassani, spokesman for the Hengaw Organisation for Human Rights.
“For the first time in the history of Iran since the Islamic Revolution, there is this unique unity between the ethnicities. Everyone is chanting the same slogan. Their demand is the same.”
What form have the protests taken?
Nearly every type of “peaceful, non-violent” protest has been used in Iran, says Hassani.
In large street demonstrations, which have been happening in all of Iran’s major cities and many small towns, women have burnt their hijabs, often dancing at the same time, while others have cut off their hair. Strikes have been reported in schools, universities and the country’s vital oil sector.
Violent clashes have at times broken out, with protestors torching buildings of the security forces.
The demonstrations have also spread to Europe. Women from Stockholm to Athens have been lopping off their locks to show solidarity.
How has the regime responded?
Security forces cracked down on protestors “very violently” from the beginning, especially in areas where ethnic minorities live, such as Kurdistan and Balochistan, says Hassani.
People have been shot for honking their car horns in support of protestors, with swathes of journalists (including those who first reported Amini’s death), lawyers, celebrities, sports stars and civil society groups arrested, reports IranWire.
At least 201 people, including 24 children, have been killed and hundreds injured, according to Hengaw, though these figures are likely to be much higher as much goes unreported. The government says more than 20 members of the security forces have been killed.
In some areas, Hassani claims security forces have killed protestors indiscriminately with “multiple battle rifles, such as AK 47s”, adding that warehouses are being used to detain people as jails are now full.
He also has received evidence that 50 calibre machine guns have been fired on civilians in parts of Kurdistan.
This type of weapon is typically used in wars and combat zones, with bullets measuring 138mm from top to bottom.
The regime has accused foreign states, such as the US (which it calls the “Great Satan ”) and Israel, of stirring up dissent, though there is no evidence of this.
Iran’s top judge on Thursday called for the “main elements of riots” to be given harsh sentences, saying now was the time to “avoid showing unnecessary sympathy”.
What’s the context?
There is deep-seated anger in Iran over the government’s Islamic policies, especially those around dress codes. Even when the hijab was made compulsory in 1983 there were protests, which have continued ever since.
Frustrations have worsened since hardliner Ebrahim Raisi became president in 2021 and began ramping up policing of women’s dress code, says Roulla, an Iranian political activist and researcher, who wanted to protect his identity for security reasons.
Yet protests are also about the failure of reform.
“For decades, Iranians invested heavily in the idea promised by reformist leaders that things would change,” says Shadi Shar, an Iranian human rights lawyer.
“But nothing happened … The message now is loud and clear, the Islamic Republic itself must go.”
Former presidents Hassan Rouhani and Mohammad Khatami tried in the past to bring Iran closer to the West, lessen social restrictions and bring more democratic freedoms, though these efforts largely failed.
Adding insult to injury Iran’s economy has collapsed in recent years, while inequality has spiked. “Young people on the streets see the sons and daughters of those in power having a luxurious life as their parents loot the people’s wealth, while normal Iranians see no future,” says Hassani.
After then US President Donald Trump pulled out of the Iran nuclear deal — aimed at stopping Tehran develop a nuclear weapon — in 2018, international sanctions were slapped on Iran and its currency went into freefall, with ordinary Iranians bearing the brunt of these economic blows.
What role is Iran’s Generation Z playing in the unrest?
Many protestors are young women and men – or those known as Generation Z.
According to Roulla, globalisation and the internet have led this group to protest by destroying “cultural differences between young people in the Middle East and Europe”.
“When a young girl in Iran sees on social media that at the same time she has to go to a mandatory religious class, while people elsewhere are having a pool party … it’s a comparison that cannot be unseen.”
In Iran, students must attend compulsory classes on Islam, with strict Islamic dress codes and gender segregation applied in schools and universities.
Why are these protests different from previous ones?
What is unique about today’s protests — much larger than those in 2019 — is that they have united nearly every section of society.
Roulla says that in 2019 poorer sections of society protested fuel price rises, while unrest in 2009 centred on more middle-class issues of vote rigging.
The “simple reason” why there is more unity now, he claims, is that Amini was an “ordinary girl”. “She was not from a big city or an activist. She was taken from her family … it’s much easier to sympathise with that.”
Something else that sets these protests apart from those in the past is that they show the Islamic Republic has “lost legitimacy among its core supporters”, says Sadr, believing this is due to the “horrific violence” inflicted upon past protestors.
“It’s like internal bleeding inside the regime that is getting worse and worse.”
For the first time in recent years, anti-government demonstrations have taken place in more traditional and conservative cities, such as Qom and Mashhad.
